THE INTERNET: THE NURSING RESOURCE
Overview
The internet has truly changed the way we communicate, conduct business, obtain information, and manage our lives. Because of this new era, it made man perceive the world that now has become smaller, not in the literal sense ofcourse but the in the way that makes all people be within reach even if we are of distant miles away and at any time possible. In the first place, what is this internet that young kids and adults talk so much about? Internet is a network of computer networks which provides the ability for computers to attach in some way to one of the wires or cables on the system in order to send and receive information from other computers on network regardless of location and type. Even with the span of 20 years, the internet has chaged rapidly the exchange of information which is very apparent in the healthcare disciplnes of today. As part of the growing nursing profession, health has always been the key interest for us and also the population. Because of this demand, the net became a rich source of an ever-growing number of sources of healthcare information.
The History of the Internet
1957
Russia launched Sputnik which triggered the creation of ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) during Pres. Eisenhower’s administration. This was housed in the Pentagon to protect its secrecy. It was in this time that spies were known worldwide like when Russia sent spies to US and likewise so as to obtain explicit details from the enemy. Having known a threat within your own territory, people devised a network that had no central authority & assumed at all times to be unreliable. It was then that “packet switching” was devised by Paul Barran. What is this Packet Switching? It divides messages into smaller pieces, each individually adressed. The route each packet took to its destination is dependent on the availability of routing at nanosecond it was being transmitted. When all of the packets arrive at its destination, the receiving computer will reassemble the packets and do arithmetic to arrive at a checksum; packets will bounce from node to node till they find a route to its destination; however, it is not effective as evident in an earthquake in LA, 1994.
1962
Dr. JCR Licklider, led the research to improve military use of computer technology. His brainchild was called the ARPANET, named after the ARPA. The first node was installed at UCLA – Stanford Research Institute – UC, Santa Barbara – University of Santa Barbara.
1973
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol & Internet Protocol) were created by Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn for the development of a communication protocol or standards.
Mid-1980s
Many of the networks have adopted the standards and a world Internet became now a reality.
Mid-1990s
Commercial networks became a part of the internet and computer business such as CompuServe
and Prodigy.
Who Controls the Internet?
The connection of all major networks to the net represents the pinnacle of computer communication.
The internet itself has NO owners, censors, bosses, board of directors, or stockholders. ISOC is the over-all organizing force, an int’l, nonprofit, professional membership organization with no governmental allegiances, comprising 150 organizations and 16,000 individual members of over 180 nations that maintains standards, develop public policy, provide education, and increase membership.
The Technology Behind the Internet
As it was said, the internet has a standardized communication protocol that enables the internet to function. This standardized mean communication is a protocol. Protocol is just an agreed on format for doing something that determine how data will be transmitted between two devices. The main protocols on which the functioning of the internet is dependent on are the TCP and IP. TCP allows comp to connect to a network and exchange data; carries out the task of breaking messages into small packets or datagrams; makes sure that packets are all received and are in correct order; when packets are loss or recorded, and will detect this and retransmit or reorder. IP, on the other hand, is a lower level protocol; responsible for making decisions on these packets or datagrams and routing them. Other protocols used are the http (hypertext transmission protocol) which supports www and Telnet that allows comps to access a distant computer as though they are the users, sitting in front of the computer.
The Domain Name System (DNS)
Computers have to have a way of identifying each other so as to perform tasks required. Thus, DNS comes since it permits us to give globally unique names to networks & computers. This was invented by Paul Mockapetris. The advantages as to having DNS are that a name is easier to remember and a name allows a change of location. A series of characters usually letters make up each domain name. These string called “labels” are separated by dots. The right-most label in a domain name is the TLD.
TLD (Top- Level Domain)
Each country has a two-letter TLD such as .CA for Canada, .UK for Great Britain, and .CH for Switzerland. Other TLDs include .AERO, .BIZ, .COM, .COOP, .EDU, .GOV, and many more. Among all these domains .com is the largest accounting for 33% of all hosts. The fastest growing is .NET with a 45% anual increase.
Who Assigns Names?
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) that was created on October 1998 in order to be responsible for technical coordination of internet. This is a non-profit, private-sector corporation that is a coalition of business, academic, technical, and user communities. The functions of ICANN was used to be handled before by the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority).
How Large is the Intenet?
Much of the current population is engrossed with net browsing. Its growth rate 46%-67% annually or around 11 new domains or perhaps 63 new hosts are created per minute as estimated by The Internet Software Consortium.
The Use of the Internet – Then and Now
In 1972, email was made freely available to all, allowing users to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages. Most information was spread by word of mouth or thru email; although a file locator software called Archie which allowed searching of sites. Another was the Gopher System that was developed at University of Minnesota based on a client server model which provides users a menu of items available on net servers globally.
FTP (file Transfer Protocol)
Is a method used by early Internauts, a moniker for users of net, to upload files & download files from distant computers. The difference between upload and download is that Upload is a process of moving file from user’s comp to another while Downloading is the transfer of file from another computer to user’s computer regardless of physical distance bet. 2 computers.
Telnet
Is a terminal emulation program that is part of the TCP/IP protocols. It allows a connecting comp to behave like a nt comp regardless of the type of comp that is either the target or originator of Telnet session. A log in and out is required. Once entered, the user of thecomputer is able to perform any function as if entering the commands directly on the server no matter how distant the computers may be.
Usenet News and Online Forums
There are many types of discussion groups on net: newsgroups, online forums, and mailing list. What are newsgroups? It is a sort of worldwide bulletin board system that is accessed using software called newsreader. Most WWW use newsreader to track messages that you have read and can be set-up to allow you to easily access new messages and allow you to post a message to a group. Online Forums are usually created by organizations to allow members or anyone depending on how the forum is organized in order to share ideas. According to Lawrence Lessing, a law professor of Stanford University: “Internet is having an impact on the concept of privacy.”
E-mail
Is the ability to send and receive electronic mail which has been the most popular use of the internet.
Anatomy of an e-mail address
The e-mail address has two parts separated by @ sign:
a. User name/ user ID/ login name= wherein you will not find spaces
b. Name of computer [ex. gmail] & domain name [ex. .com]
example: [email protected]
Use of Emoticons and Abbreviations, File Attachments, Cautions and Suggestions
Email is quite a source of confusion and misunderstandings since no emotions and feelings are involved especially that no means of eye to eye contact is possible and other nonverbal cues. Thus, the use of smileys have been known worldwide in order to compensate for the lack of emotions in messages.
Email Etiquette
It is very important to be cautious in sending mails that may possess double meanings. Thus, proper etiquette must be followed. Here are a few simple reminders: capital letters are not to be used since it may indicate shouting, have a habit of using Subject in order for receiver to pinpoint necessary or important messages, organize received files and file attachments, be careful of files that may contain virus even if when sent from friends or of acquaintances. A very commonly heard word is Spam which is an unwanted email from unknown source.
Mailing List
E-mail communication between two people created a desire to be able to send messages to a group of people instead. Thus, Eric Thomas in 1986, created the 1st software that automated many of the functions necessary to maintain list called Listery denoting mailing list that was freee for anyone. Just as any softwares, conflicts arise and one of which is what is called as the Flame War that is a series of flame, ill-considered, knee-jerk expressions of anger that are insulting.
List Fundamentals, Finding a List, Etiquette
There are two addresses involved, one is the address of the software that manages the list which is used to subscribe to the list, or unsubscribe. The other address is the one that subscribers use to post a message to the mailing list. Its etiquettes follows that of using e-mail address as well.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
The WWW is an integral part of the world today. It was Tim Berners Lee who created the WWW and was named as 1 of the top 20 thinkers of the 20th century by Time Magazine. He once said, “The original idea of the Web was that it should be a collaborative space where you can communicate through sharing information.”
Origin of WWW
The WWW was first processed in 1989 by Tim Berners Lee while working at CERN which is a European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland with Robert Cailliau.
How it functions
The WWW was built on a client model, software program called a browser. It was Ted Nelson in 1960 invented hypertext which is a system that permits objects (picture, program, etc) to be linked to one another. On the screen, a link is differentiated by its appearance like a link is often underlined and blue.
WWW is Valuable
Some people don’t embrace the internet as openly as others do. Why so? It is due to the fact that it functions similarly to the way people think. Humans don’t think in a linear model; rather, they make associations or linkages as stated by Dr. Vannevar Bush in July 1945 who envisioned a program that could imitate human linking and called this program, “memex”. Sample Nursing Organizations are: ANA, STTI, NLN that use www.
Internet as a Source of Information
The internet has changed the way we seek information and its quality too. Without the net, you can go to a library and locate reference book which may obviously take time.
Searching the Web
The access to the web to an ever increasing body of information is not always a benefit; however, it is very organized and systematized. But there are also difficulties involved as well.
Cookies
It is a piece of information which is placed on a client’s browser by a Web site visited. It is opaque and not understandable to user. After a cookie is left by a site, the browser will put it on the hard drive when the computer is turned off so that it is available in the future even.
Overview
The internet has truly changed the way we communicate, conduct business, obtain information, and manage our lives. Because of this new era, it made man perceive the world that now has become smaller, not in the literal sense ofcourse but the in the way that makes all people be within reach even if we are of distant miles away and at any time possible. In the first place, what is this internet that young kids and adults talk so much about? Internet is a network of computer networks which provides the ability for computers to attach in some way to one of the wires or cables on the system in order to send and receive information from other computers on network regardless of location and type. Even with the span of 20 years, the internet has chaged rapidly the exchange of information which is very apparent in the healthcare disciplnes of today. As part of the growing nursing profession, health has always been the key interest for us and also the population. Because of this demand, the net became a rich source of an ever-growing number of sources of healthcare information.
The History of the Internet
1957
Russia launched Sputnik which triggered the creation of ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) during Pres. Eisenhower’s administration. This was housed in the Pentagon to protect its secrecy. It was in this time that spies were known worldwide like when Russia sent spies to US and likewise so as to obtain explicit details from the enemy. Having known a threat within your own territory, people devised a network that had no central authority & assumed at all times to be unreliable. It was then that “packet switching” was devised by Paul Barran. What is this Packet Switching? It divides messages into smaller pieces, each individually adressed. The route each packet took to its destination is dependent on the availability of routing at nanosecond it was being transmitted. When all of the packets arrive at its destination, the receiving computer will reassemble the packets and do arithmetic to arrive at a checksum; packets will bounce from node to node till they find a route to its destination; however, it is not effective as evident in an earthquake in LA, 1994.
1962
Dr. JCR Licklider, led the research to improve military use of computer technology. His brainchild was called the ARPANET, named after the ARPA. The first node was installed at UCLA – Stanford Research Institute – UC, Santa Barbara – University of Santa Barbara.
1973
The TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol & Internet Protocol) were created by Vint Cerf & Bob Kahn for the development of a communication protocol or standards.
Mid-1980s
Many of the networks have adopted the standards and a world Internet became now a reality.
Mid-1990s
Commercial networks became a part of the internet and computer business such as CompuServe
and Prodigy.
Who Controls the Internet?
The connection of all major networks to the net represents the pinnacle of computer communication.
The internet itself has NO owners, censors, bosses, board of directors, or stockholders. ISOC is the over-all organizing force, an int’l, nonprofit, professional membership organization with no governmental allegiances, comprising 150 organizations and 16,000 individual members of over 180 nations that maintains standards, develop public policy, provide education, and increase membership.
The Technology Behind the Internet
As it was said, the internet has a standardized communication protocol that enables the internet to function. This standardized mean communication is a protocol. Protocol is just an agreed on format for doing something that determine how data will be transmitted between two devices. The main protocols on which the functioning of the internet is dependent on are the TCP and IP. TCP allows comp to connect to a network and exchange data; carries out the task of breaking messages into small packets or datagrams; makes sure that packets are all received and are in correct order; when packets are loss or recorded, and will detect this and retransmit or reorder. IP, on the other hand, is a lower level protocol; responsible for making decisions on these packets or datagrams and routing them. Other protocols used are the http (hypertext transmission protocol) which supports www and Telnet that allows comps to access a distant computer as though they are the users, sitting in front of the computer.
The Domain Name System (DNS)
Computers have to have a way of identifying each other so as to perform tasks required. Thus, DNS comes since it permits us to give globally unique names to networks & computers. This was invented by Paul Mockapetris. The advantages as to having DNS are that a name is easier to remember and a name allows a change of location. A series of characters usually letters make up each domain name. These string called “labels” are separated by dots. The right-most label in a domain name is the TLD.
TLD (Top- Level Domain)
Each country has a two-letter TLD such as .CA for Canada, .UK for Great Britain, and .CH for Switzerland. Other TLDs include .AERO, .BIZ, .COM, .COOP, .EDU, .GOV, and many more. Among all these domains .com is the largest accounting for 33% of all hosts. The fastest growing is .NET with a 45% anual increase.
Who Assigns Names?
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) that was created on October 1998 in order to be responsible for technical coordination of internet. This is a non-profit, private-sector corporation that is a coalition of business, academic, technical, and user communities. The functions of ICANN was used to be handled before by the IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority).
How Large is the Intenet?
Much of the current population is engrossed with net browsing. Its growth rate 46%-67% annually or around 11 new domains or perhaps 63 new hosts are created per minute as estimated by The Internet Software Consortium.
The Use of the Internet – Then and Now
In 1972, email was made freely available to all, allowing users to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages. Most information was spread by word of mouth or thru email; although a file locator software called Archie which allowed searching of sites. Another was the Gopher System that was developed at University of Minnesota based on a client server model which provides users a menu of items available on net servers globally.
FTP (file Transfer Protocol)
Is a method used by early Internauts, a moniker for users of net, to upload files & download files from distant computers. The difference between upload and download is that Upload is a process of moving file from user’s comp to another while Downloading is the transfer of file from another computer to user’s computer regardless of physical distance bet. 2 computers.
Telnet
Is a terminal emulation program that is part of the TCP/IP protocols. It allows a connecting comp to behave like a nt comp regardless of the type of comp that is either the target or originator of Telnet session. A log in and out is required. Once entered, the user of thecomputer is able to perform any function as if entering the commands directly on the server no matter how distant the computers may be.
Usenet News and Online Forums
There are many types of discussion groups on net: newsgroups, online forums, and mailing list. What are newsgroups? It is a sort of worldwide bulletin board system that is accessed using software called newsreader. Most WWW use newsreader to track messages that you have read and can be set-up to allow you to easily access new messages and allow you to post a message to a group. Online Forums are usually created by organizations to allow members or anyone depending on how the forum is organized in order to share ideas. According to Lawrence Lessing, a law professor of Stanford University: “Internet is having an impact on the concept of privacy.”
Is the ability to send and receive electronic mail which has been the most popular use of the internet.
Anatomy of an e-mail address
The e-mail address has two parts separated by @ sign:
a. User name/ user ID/ login name= wherein you will not find spaces
b. Name of computer [ex. gmail] & domain name [ex. .com]
example: [email protected]
Use of Emoticons and Abbreviations, File Attachments, Cautions and Suggestions
Email is quite a source of confusion and misunderstandings since no emotions and feelings are involved especially that no means of eye to eye contact is possible and other nonverbal cues. Thus, the use of smileys have been known worldwide in order to compensate for the lack of emotions in messages.
Email Etiquette
It is very important to be cautious in sending mails that may possess double meanings. Thus, proper etiquette must be followed. Here are a few simple reminders: capital letters are not to be used since it may indicate shouting, have a habit of using Subject in order for receiver to pinpoint necessary or important messages, organize received files and file attachments, be careful of files that may contain virus even if when sent from friends or of acquaintances. A very commonly heard word is Spam which is an unwanted email from unknown source.
Mailing List
E-mail communication between two people created a desire to be able to send messages to a group of people instead. Thus, Eric Thomas in 1986, created the 1st software that automated many of the functions necessary to maintain list called Listery denoting mailing list that was freee for anyone. Just as any softwares, conflicts arise and one of which is what is called as the Flame War that is a series of flame, ill-considered, knee-jerk expressions of anger that are insulting.
List Fundamentals, Finding a List, Etiquette
There are two addresses involved, one is the address of the software that manages the list which is used to subscribe to the list, or unsubscribe. The other address is the one that subscribers use to post a message to the mailing list. Its etiquettes follows that of using e-mail address as well.
The World Wide Web (WWW)
The WWW is an integral part of the world today. It was Tim Berners Lee who created the WWW and was named as 1 of the top 20 thinkers of the 20th century by Time Magazine. He once said, “The original idea of the Web was that it should be a collaborative space where you can communicate through sharing information.”
Origin of WWW
The WWW was first processed in 1989 by Tim Berners Lee while working at CERN which is a European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland with Robert Cailliau.
How it functions
The WWW was built on a client model, software program called a browser. It was Ted Nelson in 1960 invented hypertext which is a system that permits objects (picture, program, etc) to be linked to one another. On the screen, a link is differentiated by its appearance like a link is often underlined and blue.
WWW is Valuable
Some people don’t embrace the internet as openly as others do. Why so? It is due to the fact that it functions similarly to the way people think. Humans don’t think in a linear model; rather, they make associations or linkages as stated by Dr. Vannevar Bush in July 1945 who envisioned a program that could imitate human linking and called this program, “memex”. Sample Nursing Organizations are: ANA, STTI, NLN that use www.
Internet as a Source of Information
The internet has changed the way we seek information and its quality too. Without the net, you can go to a library and locate reference book which may obviously take time.
Searching the Web
The access to the web to an ever increasing body of information is not always a benefit; however, it is very organized and systematized. But there are also difficulties involved as well.
Cookies
It is a piece of information which is placed on a client’s browser by a Web site visited. It is opaque and not understandable to user. After a cookie is left by a site, the browser will put it on the hard drive when the computer is turned off so that it is available in the future even.
