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Defining Data, Databases, Information, and Information Systems
Data
These are raw uninterrupted facts without meaning.
Types of Data:
o Computer-Based Data Types
These are alphanumeric data which includes letters and numbers in any combination.
Memo – is a specific type of alphanumeric data with increased spaces and decreased indexing options.
Numeric data – are used to perform numeric functions including adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing.
- could be date and time
Logic data – are data limited to two options.
o Conceptual Data Types
These reflect how the users view the data; these can be based on the source of the data.
These can also be based on the event that the data are attempting to capture.
Information
These are data which are interpreted; conveys meaning.
4 important factors that could affect finding information:
1. How the data are named (indexed) and organized
2. The size and complexity of the database
3. The type of data within the database
4. The methodology or tools used to research the database
Data Processing
Data are organized so that patterns and relationships between the data can be identified.
Database
These are organized collection of related data.
Database Management Systems
These are computer programs used to input, store, modify, process, and access data in a database.
Database System Design
This is the process of configuring the database software.
3 parts of a DBMS:
o Data
o DBMS configured software program
o Query language used to access the data
Advantages of Automated Database Management Systems
o Decrease data redundancy
o Increase data consistency
o Improve access to all data
Information system
Are used to process data and produce information composed of computer systems and human information system
Fields, Records, and Files
Fields
These are blocks or cells in the table.
Files
These are set of related records that have the same data fields.
Types of Files
Processing files
Executable files
Consist of a computer program or set of instructions that when executed causes the computer to open or start a specific computer program or function.
These are files that tell a computer what actions the computer should perform when running a program.
Command files
Are a set of instructions that perform a set of functions as opposed to running a whole program.
Data files
It contains data that have been captured and stored on a computer using software program.
Master index file – contains the unique identifier and related indexes for all entities in the database.
Database Models
Database system
This provides access to both the data in the database and to the interrelationship within and between the various data elements.
ANSI/SPARC model
It identifies 3 views or models of the data elements and their relationships.
o User’s view – is the list of functional specifications describing the queries, reports, and procedures that can be produced by the database.
o Logical view
o Physical view
Conceptual Models
It includes a diagram and narrative description of the data elements, their attributes, and the relationships between the data.
It defines the structure of the whole database in terms of the attributes of the data elements relationships, constraints, and operation.
Ex. One to many relationship
Ex. One to one relationship
Structural or Physical Data Models
It includes each of the data elements and the relationship between the data elements as they will be physically stored on the computer.
o root
Heirarchical
o Network Model
It is developed from hierarchical models.
o Relational Database Models
It consists of a series of files set up as tables.
Example:
ID
LAST NAME
FIRST NAME
SEX
BIRTHDATE
6
Dumpa
Shiena
F
01-22-91
7
Homecillo
Laurice
F
02-23-92
8
Cabanit
Mae
F
03-24-93
9
Oplado
Rose
F
04-25-94
10
Siao
Nicole
F
04-26-95
o Object-Oriented Model
The data elements as well as the attributes of the data elements are stored with the object.
It deals with binary large objects (images, sounds, spreadsheets, or text messages).
Database Life Cycle
o Initiation
It occurs when a need or problem is identified and the development of a DBMS is seen as a potential solution.
This is considered as the initial assessment.
Planning and Analysis
This begins with an assessment of the users view and the development of the conceptual model.
Detailed Systems Design
It begins with the selection of the physical model.
Implementation
It includes training the users, testing the system, developing a procedure manual for use of the system, piloting the DBMS, and finally “going live.”
Evaluation and Maintenance
First evaluations should be informal and focus more on troubleshooting specific problems.
Common Database Operations
It includes data input, data processing, and data output.
Data Input Operations
These are used to enter new data, update data in the system, or change/modify data in the DBMS.
Data Processing Processes
These are DBMS-directed actions that the computer performs on the data once entered into the system.
These are used to convert raw data into meaningful information.
Data output operations
It includes online and written reports.
In large databases, these are online transaction processing (real-time processing of transactions to support the day-to-day operation of the institution).
The Development of Data Warehouses
Data Warehouse is a large collection of data imported from several different systems within one database.
Purposes of a Data Warehouse
o Provide a more consistent approach to making decisions based on the data.
o Separate the analytical and operational processing.
o Support decisional information needs
Functions of a Data Warehouse
1. Extract data from the various computer systems and import that data into the data warehouse.
2. It must be able to store and process all of the data in the database. This includes the ability to aggregate the data and process the aggregated data.
3. It must be able to deliver the data in the warehouse back to the users in the form of information.
Quality of Data
In order to ensure the quality of the data, there must be a keeper of the data. This keeper is responsible for working with caregivers and administrative personnel to develop naming standards, entity and attribute standards, rule specifications, data security specifications, and retention specifications.
Data to Knowledge
It is referred to as knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) or D2K.
This is the process of extracting information.
It uses powerful automated approaches for the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases.
CRISP-DM is an international cross industry model. It describes the life cycle of a data mining project in six phases:
1. Understanding the business
2. Understanding the data
3. Data preparation
4. Modeling
5. Evaluation
6. Deployment
The Nursing Context
It begins with a discussion of database concepts and ends with a discussion of how knowledge can be mined form huge data sets in a large data warehouse.
The continuum:
1. Data – naming , collecting, and organizing
2. Information – organizing, interpreting
3. Knowledge – interpreting, integrating, understanding
4. Wisdom – understanding, applying , applying with compassion
Defining Data, Databases, Information, and Information Systems
Data
These are raw uninterrupted facts without meaning.
Types of Data:
o Computer-Based Data Types
These are alphanumeric data which includes letters and numbers in any combination.
Memo – is a specific type of alphanumeric data with increased spaces and decreased indexing options.
Numeric data – are used to perform numeric functions including adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing.
- could be date and time
Logic data – are data limited to two options.
o Conceptual Data Types
These reflect how the users view the data; these can be based on the source of the data.
These can also be based on the event that the data are attempting to capture.
Information
These are data which are interpreted; conveys meaning.
4 important factors that could affect finding information:
1. How the data are named (indexed) and organized
2. The size and complexity of the database
3. The type of data within the database
4. The methodology or tools used to research the database
Data Processing
Data are organized so that patterns and relationships between the data can be identified.
Database
These are organized collection of related data.
Database Management Systems
These are computer programs used to input, store, modify, process, and access data in a database.
Database System Design
This is the process of configuring the database software.
3 parts of a DBMS:
o Data
o DBMS configured software program
o Query language used to access the data
Advantages of Automated Database Management Systems
o Decrease data redundancy
o Increase data consistency
o Improve access to all data
Information system
Are used to process data and produce information composed of computer systems and human information system
Fields, Records, and Files
Fields
These are blocks or cells in the table.
Files
These are set of related records that have the same data fields.
Types of Files
Processing files
Executable files
Consist of a computer program or set of instructions that when executed causes the computer to open or start a specific computer program or function.
These are files that tell a computer what actions the computer should perform when running a program.
Command files
Are a set of instructions that perform a set of functions as opposed to running a whole program.
Data files
It contains data that have been captured and stored on a computer using software program.
Master index file – contains the unique identifier and related indexes for all entities in the database.
Database Models
Database system
This provides access to both the data in the database and to the interrelationship within and between the various data elements.
ANSI/SPARC model
It identifies 3 views or models of the data elements and their relationships.
o User’s view – is the list of functional specifications describing the queries, reports, and procedures that can be produced by the database.
o Logical view
o Physical view
Conceptual Models
It includes a diagram and narrative description of the data elements, their attributes, and the relationships between the data.
It defines the structure of the whole database in terms of the attributes of the data elements relationships, constraints, and operation.
Ex. One to many relationship
Ex. One to one relationship
Structural or Physical Data Models
It includes each of the data elements and the relationship between the data elements as they will be physically stored on the computer.
o root
Heirarchical
o Network Model
It is developed from hierarchical models.
o Relational Database Models
It consists of a series of files set up as tables.
Example:
ID
LAST NAME
FIRST NAME
SEX
BIRTHDATE
6
Dumpa
Shiena
F
01-22-91
7
Homecillo
Laurice
F
02-23-92
8
Cabanit
Mae
F
03-24-93
9
Oplado
Rose
F
04-25-94
10
Siao
Nicole
F
04-26-95
o Object-Oriented Model
The data elements as well as the attributes of the data elements are stored with the object.
It deals with binary large objects (images, sounds, spreadsheets, or text messages).
Database Life Cycle
o Initiation
It occurs when a need or problem is identified and the development of a DBMS is seen as a potential solution.
This is considered as the initial assessment.
Planning and Analysis
This begins with an assessment of the users view and the development of the conceptual model.
Detailed Systems Design
It begins with the selection of the physical model.
Implementation
It includes training the users, testing the system, developing a procedure manual for use of the system, piloting the DBMS, and finally “going live.”
Evaluation and Maintenance
First evaluations should be informal and focus more on troubleshooting specific problems.
Common Database Operations
It includes data input, data processing, and data output.
Data Input Operations
These are used to enter new data, update data in the system, or change/modify data in the DBMS.
Data Processing Processes
These are DBMS-directed actions that the computer performs on the data once entered into the system.
These are used to convert raw data into meaningful information.
Data output operations
It includes online and written reports.
In large databases, these are online transaction processing (real-time processing of transactions to support the day-to-day operation of the institution).
The Development of Data Warehouses
Data Warehouse is a large collection of data imported from several different systems within one database.
Purposes of a Data Warehouse
o Provide a more consistent approach to making decisions based on the data.
o Separate the analytical and operational processing.
o Support decisional information needs
Functions of a Data Warehouse
1. Extract data from the various computer systems and import that data into the data warehouse.
2. It must be able to store and process all of the data in the database. This includes the ability to aggregate the data and process the aggregated data.
3. It must be able to deliver the data in the warehouse back to the users in the form of information.
Quality of Data
In order to ensure the quality of the data, there must be a keeper of the data. This keeper is responsible for working with caregivers and administrative personnel to develop naming standards, entity and attribute standards, rule specifications, data security specifications, and retention specifications.
Data to Knowledge
It is referred to as knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) or D2K.
This is the process of extracting information.
It uses powerful automated approaches for the extraction of hidden predictive information from large databases.
CRISP-DM is an international cross industry model. It describes the life cycle of a data mining project in six phases:
1. Understanding the business
2. Understanding the data
3. Data preparation
4. Modeling
5. Evaluation
6. Deployment
The Nursing Context
It begins with a discussion of database concepts and ends with a discussion of how knowledge can be mined form huge data sets in a large data warehouse.
The continuum:
1. Data – naming , collecting, and organizing
2. Information – organizing, interpreting
3. Knowledge – interpreting, integrating, understanding
4. Wisdom – understanding, applying , applying with compassion
